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Averaged Head Phantoms from Magnetic Resonance Images of Korean Children and Young Adults
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- Authors
- Miran Han, Ae-Kyoung Lee, Hyung-Do Choi, Yong Wook Jung, Jin Seo Park
- Issue Date
- 2018-01
- Citation
- Physics in Medicine and Biology, v.63, no.3, pp.1-12
- ISSN
- 0031-9155
- Publisher
- Institute of Physics (IOP)
- Language
- English
- Type
- Journal Article
- Abstract
- Increased use of mobile phones raises concerns about the health risks of electromagnetic radiation. Phantom heads are routinely used for radiofrequency dosimetry simulations, and the purpose of this study was to construct averaged phantom heads for children and young adults. Using magnetic resonance images (MRI), sectioned cadaver images, and a hybrid approach, we initially built template phantoms representing 6-, 9-, 12-, 15-year-old children and young adults. Our subsequent approach revised the template phantoms using 29 averaged items that were identified by averaging the MRI data from 500 children and young adults. In females, the brain size and cranium thickness peaked in the early teens and then decreased. This is contrary to what was observed in males, where brain size and cranium thicknesses either plateaued or grew continuously. The overall shape of brains was spherical in children and became ellipsoidal by adulthood. In this study, we devised a method to build averaged phantom heads by constructing surface and voxel models. The surface model could be used for phantom manipulation, whereas the voxel model could be used for compliance test of specific absorption rate (SAR) for users of mobile phones or other electronic devices.
- KSP Keywords
- Electromagnetic Radiation, Health risks, Magnetic resonance(MR), Magnetic resonance images, Surface model, Voxel model, electronic devices, hybrid approach, mobile phone, radiofrequency dosimetry, specific absorption rates(SAR)