상세정보
학술지
Assessment of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure from Personal Measurements Considering the Body Shadowing Effect in Korean Children and Parents
- 저자
- 최종혁, 황정환, 임형렬, 주현주, 양희선, 이용한, Marloes Eeftens, Benjamin Struchen, Martin Roosli, 이애경, 최형도, 권종화, 하미나
- 발행일
- 201806
- 출처
- Science of The Total Environment, v.627, pp.1544-1551
- ISSN
- 0048-9697
- 출판사
- Elsevier
- 협약과제
- 18HR1600, 스마트 사회 전자파 노출량 제어 기반 구축, 최형도
- 초록
- We aimed to assess the personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure levels of children and adults through their activities, with consideration to the body shadowing effect. We recruited 50 child-adult pairs, living in Seoul, Cheonan, and Ulsan, South Korea. RF-EMF measurements were performed between September and December 2016, using a portable exposure meter tailored to capture 14 Korean radiofrequency (RF) bands ranging from 87.5 to 5875 MHz. The participants carried the device for 48 h and kept a time-activity diary using a smartphone application in flight mode. To enhance accuracy of the exposure assessment, the body shadowing effect was compensated during the statistical analysis with the measured RF-EMF exposure. The compensation was conducted using the hybrid model that represents the decrease of the exposure level due to the body shadowing effect. A generalized linear mixed model was used to compare the RF-EMF exposure levels by subjects and activities. The arithmetic (geometric) means of the total power density were 174.9 (36.6) μW/m 2 for all participants, 226.9 (44.6) for fathers, 245.4 (44.8) for mothers, and 116.2 (30.1) for children. By compensating for the body shadowing effect, the total RF-EMF exposure increased marginally, approximately 1.4 times. Each frequency band contribution to total RF-EMF exposure consisted of 76.7%, 2.4%, 9.9%, 5.0%, 3.3%, and 2.6% for downlink, uplink, WiFi, FM Radio, TV, and WiBro bands, respectively. Among the three regions, total RF-EMF exposure was highest in Seoul, and among the activities, it was highest in the metro, followed by foot/bicycle, bus/car, and outside. The contribution of base-station exposure to total RF-EMF exposure was the highest both in parents and children. Total and base-station RF-EMF exposure levels in Korea were higher than those reported in European countries.
- KSP 제안 키워드
- Body shadowing, EMF exposure, EMF measurements, Electromagnetic Field Exposure, Exposure assessment, FM radio, Flight mode, Generalized linear mixed model, Hybrid Models, Power Density, Shadowing Effect