최근 퍼블릭 블록체인은 에너지 낭비 문제와 성능 문제를 극복하기 위해 작업증명 방식에서 지분증명 방식으로의 변환이 이루어지고 있다. 지분증명 블록체인에서는 전체 노드 중 일부 노드를 선출하여 위원회를 구성하고 위원회가 BFT 계열 합의 프로토콜을 이용하여 블록을 합의하여 생산하는 방식을 주로 사용한다. 따라서 위원회를 어떻게 선출하느냐가 블록체인의 안전성, 가용성뿐만 아니라 탈중앙성 및 공정성을 가늠하는 매우 중요한 문제가 될 수 있다. 위원회 선출에 있어서 난수의 활용은 필수적이다. 블록체인의 난수는 탈중앙화라는 특성으로 인해 비잔틴 행위를 할 수 있는 노드를 포함한 독립적인 동작을 하는 다수의 노드에 의해 협력적으로 생성된다는 특징으로 인해 공공에 의해 검증 가능해야 한다는 검증 가능성, 예측 불가능성, 편향 저항성, 가용성과 같은 요구사항을 가진다. 본 고에서는 블록체인에서 사용되는 난수의 요구사항 및 대표적인 난수 생성 기법에 대해 살펴보고자 한다.
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