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Fingertip blood-free noninvasive glucose monitoring using three-dimensional eye diagram analysis of terahertz wireless data
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- Authors
- Wonkyoung Lee, Sooyeon Kim, Eon Sang Kim, Heuk Park, Joon Ki Lee, Seung-Hyun Cho
- Issue Date
- 2023-09
- Citation
- SPIE Security + Defence 2023 (SPIE 12740), pp.1-5
- Publisher
- SPIE
- Language
- English
- Type
- Conference Paper
- Abstract
- A noninvasive, painless, and sensitive approach to precise glucose monitoring for ever-increasing diabetics worldwide is critical to reduce the long-term severe complications of diabetes. Recently, wireless sensing in the sub-terahertz and terahertz (THz) bands between 100 GHz and 10 THz opens the door to biosensing and bioimaging for innovative medical applications beyond radar and localization. Here, we report the fingertip blood-free non-invasive glucose monitoring using three-dimensional (3D) eye diagram analysis of THz wireless data to replace current blood finger-stick glucose strips and further realize remote healthcare of THz joint communication and sensing. We demonstrate the accurate estimation of blood glucose concentrations by transmitting a 10 Gbps on-off keying-modulated THz wireless data to a fingertip and measuring a 3D eye diagram of the THz wireless signal reflected from the fingertip. In particular, the method addresses personal variation and sensing accuracy through multivariate analysis of eye parameters including eye height, eye width, Q factor, and probability difference. The experimental results clearly demonstrate that the data waveform is distorted and the probability difference between the logic one and zero levels in the histogram increases in proportion to the glucose concentration. The clinical trial results for THz glucose monitoring clearly show a strong linear correlation between the eye parameters of fingertip and blood glucose concentrations and the consistency between glucose dynamics in blood and fingertip in the oral glucose tolerance test. This approach provides an innovative and effective route for developing daily diabetes management and THz joint sensing and communication.
- KSP Keywords
- Blood glucose, Clinical trials, Diabetes management, Eye diagram analysis, Glucose concentration, Glucose monitoring, Medical Applications, Multivariate analysis, Non-Invasive, On-off keying(OOK), Oral glucose tolerance test