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Noninvasive sub-terahertz glucose monitoring using communication inspired eye diagram analysis
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- Authors
- Wonkyoung Lee, Sooyeon Kim, Heuk Park, Joon Ki Lee, Seung-Hyun Cho
- Issue Date
- 2025-09
- Citation
- SPIE Security + Defence 2025 (SPIE 13677), pp.1-4
- Language
- English
- Type
- Conference Paper
- Abstract
- Diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing worldwide; thus, a noninvasive, painless, and reliable approach to continuous blood glucose monitoring (BGM) plays a critical role in managing DM and reducing its long-term severe complications. We propose a noninvasive sub-THz glucose monitoring method using communication-inspired eye diagram analysis (sub-THz GlucoEye). This method quantitatively detects phase, waveform, and amplitude distortions of sub-THz signals, which are proportional to blood glucose concentrations. The sub-THz GlucoEye accurately identifies blood glucose-dependent features by analyzing modulation pattern deterioration in distorted sub-THz carrier signals reflected from a fingertip. It uses optical heterodyning to generate sub-THz signals and a Schottky barrier diode for envelope detection, eliminating background noise. In particular, the sub-THz GlucoEye quantitatively and sensitively measures phase, waveform, and amplitude distortions caused by fingertip dielectric changes according to blood glucose levels, utilizing the performance parameters on 3D eye diagrams for the recovered modulation pattern. Compared to conventional THz spectroscopy, which only measures THz absorption, the sub-THz GlucoEye significantly enhances the linear correlation between modulation pattern deterioration and venous blood glucose concentrations, achieving an R2 value of 0.98. Clinical results from the mixed meal test show remarkable consistency between glucose dynamics in venous blood and those estimated by the sub-THz GlucoEye method. Furthermore, this method demonstrates exceptional accuracy in noninvasive blood glucose monitoring, with 100 % of glucose readings falling within Clarke’s error grid zones A and B. This approach opens new opportunities for real-time DM management and the early diagnosis of disease-related biomarkers in future 6G integrated sensing and communication.
- KSP Keywords
- Background noise, Blood glucose level, Diabetes Mellitus, Early diagnosis, Envelope detection, Error grid, Eye diagram analysis, Glucose concentration, Integrated sensing, Linear correlation, Modulation pattern