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Harnessing Machine Learning for Intelligent Control of Shape Memory Alloy Actuators in Versatile Environments
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- Authors
- Sooyeon Ji, Gia Jeong, Hanvit Kim, Jeong Won Park, Chul Huh, Jun Chang Yang, Joo Yong Sim
- Issue Date
- 2026-01
- Citation
- IEEE Sensors Journal, v.26, no.2, pp.2046-2053
- ISSN
- 1530-437X
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Language
- English
- Type
- Journal Article
- Abstract
- Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators, known for their high force output despite being lightweight and compact, are increasingly attracting attention in fields such as robotics, medical devices, and wearable devices. Due to these advantages, many studies have been conducted on SMA actuators driven by Joule heating under static air conditions. However, ensuring precise and responsive control of these actuators in diverse and dynamic environmental conditions remains a significant challenge. In particular, the implementation of efficient cooling mechanisms—such as fan-based or liquid-based cooling—for rapid operation is critical for practical applications but still underexplored. Herein, we introduce a durable and adaptive SMA actuation system that operates under randomly generated current conditions. This system enables reliable prediction of SMA output force using machine learning models, even as environmental conditions change. A long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is trained to predict the output force of SMA coils using time-series inputs of current, electrical resistance, and environmental temperature. This model is validated under both static air and flowing water conditions with varying temperatures and flow rates. Furthermore, we demonstrate a closed-loop feedback control strategy for the SMA actuator, highlighting its potential for precise and robust operation across diverse environments.
- Keyword
- Fan cooling, force prediction, liquid cooling, machine learning, shape memory alloys (SMAs), underwater actuation
- KSP Keywords
- Closed-loop feedback control, Control strategy, Cooling mechanisms, Efficient cooling, Electrical resistance, Environmental Temperature, Environmental conditions, Flow rate, Flowing water, Force prediction, High force