거대언어모델(Large Language Model: LLM) 및 심층신경망(Deep Neural Network: DNN)을 필두로 한 인공지능(Artificial Intelligence: AI) 워크로드의 확산은 현대 반도체 시스템 설계의 패러다임을 전환시키고 있다. 본 고에서는 AI 반도체의 3대 기술적 과제인 메모리 벽(Memory Wall), 전력 및 열 제약, 패키징을 이슈를 살펴본다. 프로세서의 연산 성능과 메모리 대역폭 간의 불균형으로 인해 발생하는 데이터 이동 오버헤드 문제의 등에 관련된 메모리 벽을 진단하고, 이를 해결하기 위한 고대역폭 메모리(High Bandwidth Memory: HBM), 지능형 메모리 반도체(Processing-In-Memory: PIM), 모놀리식 3D(M3D) 집적 기술의 효용성을 검토한다. AI 가속기의 전력 소비 급증에 따른 데이터센터 차원의 열관리 설계 제약 사항을 고찰하며 이와 직접 연계되는 패키징 기술에 대해 고찰한다. 2.5D 인터포저 기반 이종 집적 기술을 통한 고밀도 구현 가능성과 더불어, 이로 인해 발생하는 열적 결합(Thermal Coupling) 및 제조 원가 상승 문제를 분석한다. 마지막으로 폰 노이만 아키텍처의 구조적 한계를 근본적으로 극복하기 위한 장기적 대안으로서 뉴로모픽 컴퓨팅 및 실리콘 포토닉스 인터커넥트 기술의 발전 방향을 제시한다.
KSP Keywords
Deep neural network(DNN), Memory wall, Processing-in-memory, artificial intelligence, high bandwidth memory(HBM), language models, neural network(NN), thermal coupling
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