본 고에서는 인공지능 기술 활용을 통한 병역자원 감소 대응 방향을 살펴보고자 한다. 인구구조의 변화 전망에 따라 국내 병역자원 감소 예측은 일찍이 제기되었고 이에 대한 대응의 중심에는 군사적 핵심전력을 무인전투체계로 변화시키려는 논의가 있어왔다. 하지만 인공지능을 탑재한 무인무기는 당분간 수색, 정찰 활동 등 전투를 지원하는 비무장 전력으로 활용될 것으로 보인다. 전투를 수행하는 인공지능 무인무기의 현실화를 위해서는 더 높은 수준의 인공지능 개발과 살상·파괴에 따르는 윤리적, 법적 책임 문제 해결이 필요하다. 병사와 지휘관의 역량 향상을 위한 인공지능 훈련 시뮬레이터, 군사 자원의 효율적 관리를 위한 인공지능 활용 등도 적은 병력으로 국방력을 유지하기 위한 방안일 것이다. 이러한 인공지능 기술 고도화와 군사적 활용을 위해서는 군의 데이터 수집·관리를 위한 투자와 정책 변화, 군에 적합한 네트워크·컴퓨팅 체계 개발, 민·관·군 기술협력 생태계 등이 선결 요건으로 보인다.
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