AI 경쟁은 이제 학습 중심의 확장 국면을 넘어 추론 중심의 운영 경쟁이 본격화되는 변곡점에 진입하고 있다. 기술 경쟁의 핵심도 더 큰 모델의 선제적 확보에서, 대규모 추론을 더 낮은 비용과 더 높은 효율로 안정적으로 운영하는 구조의 설계로 빠르게 이동하고 있다. 이 과정에서 알고리즘 구조는 연산, 저장, 데이터 이동 방식을 규정함으로써 시스템·인프라·산업구조 전반을 좌우하는 핵심 변수로 부상하고 있다. 추론 중심 경쟁이 촉발한 구조적 전환은 알고리즘 구조 변화에서 출발해 가치사슬과 산업구조 재편으로 확산되는 과정으로 나타난다.
추론 중심 AI로의 전환과 알고리즘 구조 변화는 알고리즘·시스템·인프라 공동설계를 가속하고, 이는 다시 AI 가치사슬 재편과 운영 구조 경쟁을 거쳐 산업구조 변화와 기술패권 경쟁 재편으로 이어진다. 본 보고서에서는 이러한 흐름에 따라 1장에서 기술 경쟁의 전환, 2장에서 알고리즘 구조 혁신, 3장에서 시스템·인프라 구조 전환, 4장에서 기술패권 경쟁 재편의 산업·정책적 함의와 전략을 살펴본다.
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