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Journal Article
Broadband and Hemispherical Coverage Characteristics of Compact and Asymmetric Dipole Array for Millimeter-Wave Portable Applications
- Authors
- Jae-Yeong Lee, Shuai Zhang, Wonbin Hong
- Issue Date
- 2026-06
- Citation
- IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, v.7, no.3, pp.985-995
- ISSN
- 2637-6431
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Language
- English
- Type
- Journal Article
- Abstract
- This paper presents a compact and asymmetric dipole array (CADA) fabricated on a single-layer FR-4 PCB featuring hemispherical coverage across a broadband spectrum for the millimeter-wave (mmWave) portable applications. The compensation effect between inter-element capacitance and inductance of the proposed CADA can exhibit a high coupling level based on leaky-wave radiation behavior in a 1-D linear array with 0.3λ0 spacing (@ operating lowest freq.). However, it is possible to maintain a wide impedance matching bandwidth due to the absence of balun circuitry that can limit the operating bandwidth of the antenna. To investigate the influence of compression on the proposed 8-element CADA, array antennas with different inter-element spacing and T-junction power dividers, including the predetermined phased delay in each antenna element, are designed and characterized. In addition, high-precision compensation techniques for obtaining the accurate insertion loss of the T-junction power dividers are demonstrated to estimate the directivity of the stand-alone antenna array with different inter-element spacing in three different beam-steering scenarios. Afterward, the fabricated array antennas are characterized by their radiation patterns and beam scan range within 3-dB scan loss in the frequency range from 25 to 35 GHz, and over-the-air (OTA) results. Despite the compressed element configuration without additional baluns or decoupling circuits, the proposed array, based on an extremely low-cost fabrication process, realizes hemispherical coverage in the frequency range from 25 to 35 GHz. In addition, the proposed array exhibits lower than 9% error vector magnitude (EVM) at 4.8 Gbps maximum data rates.
- Keyword
- broadband antennas, compact antennas, endfire antennas, Millimeter-wave antenna arrays, spherical beam coverage
- KSP Keywords
- 3.5 GHz, Array antenna, Beam scan, Compact antenna, Coupling level, FR-4, Frequency Range, High coupling, High-precision, Impedance Matching bandwidth, Millimeter-wave antenna
This work is distributed under the term of Creative Commons License (CCL)
(CC BY)
(CC BY)
